Inhibition of Escherichia coli chemotaxis by omega-conotoxin, a calcium ion channel blocker

Escherichia coli chemotaxis was inhibited by omega-conotoxin, a calcium ion channel blocker. With Tris-EDTA-permeabilized cells, nanomolar levels of omega-conotoxin inhibited chemotaxis without loss of motility. Cells treated with omega-conotoxin swam with a smooth bias, i.e., tumbling was inhibited

Conus venom peptides, receptor and ion channel targets, and drug design: 50 million years of neuropharmacology

Journal ArticleThe predatory cone snails (Conus) are among the most successful living marine animals (~500 living species). Each Conus species is a specialist in neuropharmacology, and uses venom to capture prey, to escape from and defend against predators and possibly to deter competitors. An individual cone snail's venom contains a diverse mixture of pharmacological agents, mostly small, structurally constrained peptides (conotoxins). Individual peptides are selectively targeted to a specific isoform of receptor or ion channel

Subfamily Turrinae in the Philippines: the genus Turris (Roding, 1798)

Journal ArticleMarine gastropods of the family Turridae, commonly known as turrids, comprise the largest living group of venomous snails. The taxonomy of this group, however, has been generally neglected. In this work, the genus Tunis (Roding 1798) is discussed. Out of more than 200 different turrid genera, this genus comprises some of the largest and most distinctive living turrid species. The last comprehensive treatment of this particular genus (Powell 1964) identified seven species from the Philippines. In this paper, twelve distinct species of Turns found in the Philippine waters are recognized. Four new species are described: TurrJs dollyae, T. normandavidsoni, T. pagasa and T. totiphyllis. Insufficient material makes it premature to conclude whether three additional distinctive Turn's forms are separate species, or unusual varieties of other species. The taxonomic status of the genus Turns and its relationship to other Turrinae is further discussed. Alternative hypotheses regarding the evolutionary origins of this group are also considered. In addition, two species of Gemmula, with particular affinities for species clades in Turris are noted: one is a new species and one is a renamed homony

Conus peptides: biodiversity-based discovery and exogenomics

Journal ArticleThe venoms of the ~700 species of predatory cone snails (genus Conus) are being systematically characterized. Each Conus species contains 100-200 small, highly structured venom peptides (colloquially known as conotoxins), which are synthesized and secreted in a venom duct (for overviews, see Refs. 1-3). The biomedical potential of these small venom peptides is now well established; recent developments are summarized below. Additionally, the genetic basis and biological rationale for Conus peptide diversity is addressed

Novel Conus peptide ligand for K+ channels

Journal ArticleVoltage-gated ion channels determine the membrane excitability of cells. Although many Conus peptides that interact with voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels have been characterized, relatively few have been identified that interact with K+ channels. We describe a novel Conus peptide that interacts with the Shaker K+ channel, қM-conotoxin RIIIK from Conus radiatus

Poly(ADP-ribosylation) of DNA topoisomerase I from calf thymus

Journal ArticleWe demonstrate that the activity of the major DNA topoisomerase I from calf thymus is severely inhibited after modification by purified poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase. Polymeric chains of poly(ADP-ribose) are covalently attached to DNA topoisomerase I. These observations with highly purified enzymes suggest that poly(ADP-ribosylation) may be a cellular mechanism for modulating DNA topoisomerase I activity in response to the state of DNA in the nucleus

Pyridine nucleotide cycle: studies in Escherichia coli and the human cell line D98/AH2

Journal ArticleDifferent metabolic steps comprise the pyridine nucleotide cycles in Escherichia coli and in the human cell line HeLa D98/AH2. An analysis of the "P-labeling patterns in vivo reveals that in E. coli, pyrophosphate bond cleavage of intracellular NAD predominates, while in the human cell line, cleavage of the nicotinamide ribose bond predominates

Poly (ADP-ribosylation) in Vitro: reaction parameters and enzyme mechanism

Journal ArticleThe reaction catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase from bovine thymus was investigated using the purified enzyme, calf thymus DNA, and histone H1. The rate and extent of poly(ADP-ribosylation), as well as the spectrum of acceptor proteins, changed as reaction conditions were varied. The ionic composition of the buffer greatly influenced the poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase reaction

Post-translational amino acid isomerization: a functionally important D-amino acid in an excitatory peptide

Journal ArticleThe post-translational modification of an L- to a D-amino acid has been documented in relatively few gene products, mostly in small peptides under 10 amino acids in length. In this report, we demonstrate that a 46-amino acid polypeptide toxin has one D-phenylalanine at position 44, and that the epimerization from an L-Phe to a D-Phe has a dramatic effect on the excitatory effects of the peptide

New family of conotoxins that block voltage-gated sodium channels

Journal ArticleConus peptides, including ω-conotoxins and α-conotoxins (targeting calcium channels and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, respectively) have been useful ligands in neuroscience. In this report, we describe a new family of sodium channel ligands, the μO-conotoxins